fairtrade cotton wikipedia

It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices. We need to develop a coherent policy framework and this resolution will help us."[145]. [87], Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers. Specifically, fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency, and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. In reality, much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers. [92] As of 1999, major importers of fair trade coffee included Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Sa démarche consiste à utiliser le commerce comme un levier de développement et de réduction des inégalités, en veillant à la juste rétribution des producteurs. Additionally, the cooperatives are paid an additional 10c per lb premium by buyers for community development projects. London: Routledge, 2007. At some point, all producer-groups re-invest their social premium back into their farms and businesses. The current minimum Fair Trade price for high-grade, washed Arabica coffee $1.40 per pound; the price increases to $1.70 per pound if the coffee is also organic. [29][self-published source][12][14][154][13], The Fairtrade Foundation does not monitor how much extra retailers charge for fair trade goods, so it is rarely possible to determine how much extra is charged or how much reaches the producers, in spite of unfair trading legislation. Moreover, several fair trade supporters during this period were worried by the contemporary effect on small farmers of structural reforms in the agricultural sector as well as the fall in commodity prices. These federations coordinate, promote, and facilitate the work of fair trade organizations. The main premise of being a Fair Trade University for the University of California, San Diego is the promise between the university and the students about the continual effort by the university to increase the accessibility of fair trade-certified food and drinks and to encourage sustainability in other ways, such as buying from local, organic farmers and decreasing waste. 2005-882, Small and Medium Enterprises, 2 August 2005). Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers. "[182], Little money may reach the developing countries. The FTO Mark offers Fair Trade Organizations (including handcrafts producers) definable standards which inform consumers, business partners, governments, and donors of the applicable trading standard. The new Certification Mark is currently used worldwide (with the exception of the United States). Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala and implications for policy. [61], The current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s. "Re-embedding Global Agriculture: The International Organic and Fair Trade Movements." [83] There is a North/South divide of fair trade products with producers in the South and consumers in the North. These principles include adherence to ILO agreements such as those banning child and slave labour, guaranteeing a safe workplace and the right to unionise, adherence to the United Nations charter of human rights, a fair price that covers the cost of production and facilitates social development, and protection and conservation of the environment. For a product to carry either the International Fairtrade Certification Mark or the Fair Trade Certified Mark, it must come from FLO-CERT inspected and certified producer organizations. Garment factories in Asian countries including China, Burma, and Bangladesh consistently receive charges of human rights violations, including the use of child labour. In 1988, Dutch Non-profit organization Stichting Max Havelaar launched the first Fairtrade Certification Mark, initially applied to coffee originating from the UCIRI cooperative in Mexico, and later expanded to other products. Although buoyed by ever growing sales, fair trade had been generally contained to relatively small worldshops scattered across Europe and to a lesser extent, North America. The inconvenience of going to them to buy only a product or two was too high even for the most dedicated customers. [123][124] Textiles and clothing are exported from Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Brussels: Fair Trade Advocacy Office, Max Havelaar Foundation (2007). In 2005, in the European Commission communication "Policy Coherence for Development – Accelerating progress towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals", (COM(2005) 134 final, 12 April 2005), fair trade is mentioned as "a tool for poverty reduction and sustainable development". Thirdly, Fair Trade Universities are effective because they raise awareness about an issue and offer a solution. Smallholding farmers frequently lack access not only to markets but also to resources that lead to sustainable cocoa farming practices. Although the movement emerged in Europe and a vast majority of worldshops are still based on the continent, worldshops can also be found today in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is useful to include of measure of moral norms to improve the predictive power of intentions to buy fair trade over the basic predictors, like attitude and perceived behavioral control. The International Fairtrade Certification Mark is an independent certification mark used in over 50 countries. Booth, P. and L. Whetstone (2007) 'Half a Cheer for Fair Trade', Economic Affairs, 27, 2, 29–36; Sidwell, M. (2008) Unfair Trade, London: Adam Smith Institute. [41], Some producers also profit from the indirect benefits of fair trade practices. However, its adoption is still pending as the efforts were stalled by the 2008 Italian political crisis. In 1969, the first worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands. Finally, the Fairtrade Foundation requires that schools promote fair trade not only within the school but throughout the wider community as well. Companies offering products that meet the Fairtrade standards may apply for licences to use one of the Fairtrade Certification Marks for those products. "Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa." In 2002, FLO launched a new International Fairtrade Certification Mark, effectively replacing most previous Max Havelaar and TransFair certification marks. Worldshops also typically organize various educational fair trade activities and play an active role in trade justice and other North-South political campaigns. Between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s, multiple national initiatives following a fair trade system coexisted within Europe, the US, Canada, and Japan. Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices, including disallowing child labor. [41] Fair trade farmers are also more likely to attribute their higher paid prices to the quality of their products rather than fair market prices. "Fair Trade makes the consumers think and therefore it is even more valuable. This method takes an ethical standpoint, and considers the producers first. [40], As far as farmers' satisfaction with the fair trade system, growers want consumers to know that fair trade has provided important support to their families and their cooperative. In 1998, the European Parliament adopted the "Resolution on Fair Trade" (OJ C 226/73, 20 July 1998), which was followed by the Commission in 1999 that adopted the "Communication from the Commission to the Council on 'Fair Trade'" COM(1999) 619 final, 29 November 1999. Now handicrafts are Nepal's largest export. Fairtrade International was established in 1997. Starbucks Corporation est une chaîne de cafés américaine fondée en 1971. [40] While initially sold at small scale, currently multinationals like Starbucks and Nestlé use fair trade coffee. The movement also has an established history, making it a true movement rather than just a fad. FLO-CERT certifies that both producers and traders have met with Fairtrade standards.FLO-CERT inspections and certification follow the international ISO standards for product certification bodies (ISO 65).[18]. The four benefits in this early model of the fairtrade initiative were: The initiative was a great financial success and was replicated in several other markets: in the ensuing years, similar non-profit Fairtrade labelling organizations were set up in other European countries and North America, called "Max Havelaar" (in Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway and France), "Transfair" (in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, the United States, Canada and Japan), or carrying a national name: "Fairtrade Mark" in the UK and Ireland, "Rättvisemärkt" in Sweden, and "Reilu kauppa" (Finnish) or "Rejäl handel" (Swedish) in Finland. [20] The Fairtrade brand is by far the biggest of the fair trade coffee brands. Immigrant women work long hours and receive less than minimum wage. These are paid to the exporting firm, usually a second tier cooperative, not to the farmer. In 2016 Fairtrade certified producer organisations sold an average of 46 per cent of their production volumes on Fairtrade terms, much higher than in previous years. Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO—By 1 December 2001, a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor. It appears on products as an independent guarantee that a product has been produced according to Fairtrade political standards. The most successful cooperatives appear to spend a third of the extra price received on this: some less successful cooperatives spend more than they gain. Jaffee, Daniel: "Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement." '[18] 'some fair trade standards are not strictly enforced'[19][179] In 2006, a Financial Times journalist found that ten out of ten mills visited had sold uncertified coffee to co-operatives as certified. Called the FTO Mark,[78] it allows consumers to recognize registered Fair Trade Organizations worldwide and seeks to guarantee that standards are being implemented regarding working conditions, wages, child labour, and the environment. Organic cotton is generally defined as cotton that is grown organically in subtropical countries such as India, Turkey, China, and parts of the USA from non-genetically modified plants, and without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers or pesticides aside from the ones allowed by the certified organic labeling. The labeling initiative also allowed customers and distributors alike to track the origin of the goods to confirm that the products were really benefiting the producers at the end of the supply chain. [144] In 2001 and 2002, several other EU papers explicitly mentioned fair trade, most notably the 2001 Green Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility and the 2002 Communication on Trade and Development. They worked with other associations as well as the mass media to spread the message and create an awareness of their fair trade initiative. for coffee], Fairtrade Minimum Prices are set at the level of the Producer Organization, not at the level of individual producers (members of the organization)" which means that the "producer" here is halfway up the marketing chain between the farmer and the consumer. Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups—By 1 October 2001, an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices. Worldshops' aim is to make trade as direct and fair with the trading partners as possible. [83] In 2002, 16,000 tons of Fairtrade coffee was purchased by consumers in 17 countries. Packers and retailers can charge as much as they want for the coffee. Some believe the fair trade system is not radical enough. The first is the Australia and New Zealand member of FLO International, which unites Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe, Asia, Latin America, North America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. [98], As coffee becomes one of the most important export crops in certain regions such as northern Latin America, nature and agriculture are transformed. Additional certifiers include IMO (Fair for Life, Social and Fair Trade labels), Eco-Social and Fair Trade USA. Artisans and Cooperatives: Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy. Geoforum (2009): 74-83. Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism: radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations, and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge. Under EU law (Directive 2005/29/EC on Unfair Commercial Practices) the criminal offense of unfair trading is committed if (a) "it contains false information and is therefore untruthful or in any way, including overall presentation, deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer, even if the information is factually correct", (b) "it omits material information that the average consumer needs ... and thereby causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise", or (c) "fails to identify the commercial intent of the commercial practice ... [which] causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise." [3] Fair trade is grounded in three core beliefs; first, producers have the power to express unity with consumers. [86] The FLO products Africa is known for are tea, cocoa, flowers and wine. Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers. (2011), "Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations", version: 01.05.2011_v1.1, Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011? Catholic Relief Services has their own Fair Trade mission in CRS Fair Trade. One common way to spend the social premium of fair trade is to privately invest in public goods that infrastructure and the government are lacking in. This would account for a quarter of the fair trade coffee purchases in the United States and 3% of Starbucks' total coffee purchases. [137], Brilliant Earth has committed itself to using fair-trade-certified gold. "Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market." In the case of coffee, sales grow nearly 50% per year in certain countries. [173], There are complaints that the standards are inappropriate and may harm producers, sometimes making them work several months more for little return. The Max Havelaar seal, which was based on a fictional character, was established "to license existing roasters and retailers who complied with its fair trade criteria". [142][143], In 1994, the European Commission prepared the "Memo on alternative trade" in which it declared its support for strengthening fair trade in the South and North and its intention to establish an EC Working Group on Fair Trade. By the 1990s every western European country had established their own national version of the Max Havelaar initiative. One British café chain was passing on less than one percent of the extra charged to the exporting cooperative;[29] in Finland, Valkila, Haaparanta and Niemi[155] found that consumers paid much more for Fairtrade, and that only 11.5% reached the exporter. A commitment by roasters to eliminate any other parties within the supply chain, with the aim of dealing more directly with producers. 1988. Fairtrade helps businesses to source Fairtrade Cotton thus providing traceability of where their cotton comes from and also transparency within their supply chains. By 1 December 2001, industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor. [30] In the producing country, fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives, while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives (as uncertified coffee), by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders. [111], Consumers often aren't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is. [60] The products, almost exclusively handicrafts ranging from jute goods to cross-stitch work, were mostly sold in churches or fairs. The Whole Earth Catalog sought to balance the international free market by allowing direct purchasing of goods produced primarily in the US and Canada but also in Central and South America. [87] These violations conflict with the principles outlined by fair trade certifiers. [83] "Fair trade coffee is currently produced in 24 countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia". In the 1960s and 1970s, several early attempts were made to market fair trade products. Ransom, David. A guaranteed minimum price to protect producers from any potential falls in the global market. Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat, India. Many Fairtrade cotton organizations are in West Africa – namely Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and Burkina Faso. However, socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee. Bhagwati, Jagdish. This joint body decides on how Fairtrade Premiums will be spent to benefit plantation employees. nécessaire], il s'agit de la plus grande chaîne de ce genre dans le monde, avec 29 324 établissements implantés dans 78 pays, dont 12 000 aux États-Unis. All actors are committed to the principle of alternative trade, the need for advocacy in their working relations, and the importance of awareness-raising and advocacy work. They also required constant assessment and improvement. Fair trade claims that its farmers are paid higher prices and are given special advice on increasing yields and quality. differentiate them from other members and explain why they have such an extensive knowledge of fair trade. Fair Trade Yearbook: Towards 2000. p.23 & 25. A 60% advance to producers to reduce the pressure of selling their product "immediately after harvest when its price is lowest". In, de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). "Alternative Trade Organization and Subjective Quality of Life: The Case of Latin American Coffee Producers." Washington DC. [86] Between 2004 and 2006, Africa quickly expanded its number of FLO-certified producer groups, rising from 78 to 171, nearly half of which reside in Kenya; following closely behind are Tanzania and South Africa. : Mercatus 65 Policy Series, Policy Comment 11, Mercatus Centre, George Mason University. "This resolution responds to the impressive growth of Fair Trade, showing the increasing interest of European consumers in responsible purchasing," said Green MEP Frithjof Schmidt during the plenary debate. A solution was found in 1988, when the first fair trade certification initiative, Max Havelaar, was created in the Netherlands under the initiative of Nico Roozen, Frans Van Der Hoff, and Dutch development NGO Solidaridad. A year later, in 1997, the document was followed by a resolution adopted by the European Parliament, calling on the European Commission to support fair trade banana operators. See Bowbrick, P, "Are price reporting systems of any use? [40], Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. The decline of segments of the handicrafts market forced fair trade supporters to rethink their business model and their goals. Economists[29][self-published source][166][167][168][169][170] state that, if this is indeed so, Fairtrade farmers will increase production. Geographical Review: 89(4): 554-579. [95], Internationally recognized Fair Trade coffee standards have been outlined by FLO and are as follows: small producers are grouped in democratic cooperatives or groups, buyers and sellers establish long-term, stable relationships, buyers must pay the producers at least the minimum Fair Trade price or when the market price is higher, they must pay the market price, and finally, buyers must also pay a social premium of 20 cents per pound of coffee to the producers. Fairtrade certification purports to guarantee not only fair prices, but also the principles of ethical purchasing. Douwe Egberts, which sells a number of coffee brands under self-developed ethical criteria, believed the requirements were discriminatory. In a hired labour situation, Fairtrade standards require a "joint body" to be set up with representatives from both the management and the employees. As the demand for coffee is highly elastic, a small increase in supply means a large fall in market price, so perhaps a million Fairtrade farmers get a higher price and 24 million others get a substantially lower price. In order to be considered a Fair Trade University, a school or university must have established a Fairtrade School Steering Group. Furthermore, the same year, the European Parliament adopted the "Resolution on promoting fairness and solidarity in North South trade" (OJ C 44, 14 February 1994), a resolution voicing its support for fair trade. These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations can't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives. For example, Costa Rican coffee cooperative Coocafé has supported hundreds of children and youth at school and university through the financing of scholarships from funding from their fair trade social premium. This protects the biodiversity of the ecosystem and ensures that the land will be usable for farming in the future and not just for short-term planting. [citation needed]. Fairtrade certification. The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries, Germany, and other Western European countries. Such organizations are typically overseen by Fairtrade International. Operating a profitable business allows growers to think about their future, rather than worrying about how they are going to survive in poverty. [89] Countries in Latin America are also large exporters of fair trade bananas. [106], Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. To begin the process, the university as a whole agreed that it would need support from four institutional groups—faculty, staff, support staff, and students—to maximize support and educational efforts.

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